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Fiber optic cable installation is a very special task that only trained professionals can do it quickly and correctly. This is determined by fiber’s fragile structure and highly sensitive to microbending and macrobending loss.

However, most of the techniques of fiber optic cable installation has been borrowed from those used for copper cables. And currently the majority of fiber cable contractors come from the copper network background.

Fiber cables can be divided into two big groups: outdoor cables and indoor cables. Outdoor cables are laid along rights of way leased or owned by telecommunication carriers, and they are well marked after the cables are installed. The telecommunication carriers have their own team of cable installers and they seldom outsource the job to independent contractors.

Most independent fiber cable installation contractors install indoor cables most of the time. Indoor fiber cables are mostly used as the backbone for campus networks, enterprise LAN systems and etc.

And there is the submarine cable category. They are laid from ships built for that purpose. They are only used by the big global network backbone builders.

But actually there are many small divisions within each group. So let’s examine them one by one.

1. Submarine cables. Submarine cables are laid from ships built for that purpose. They are buried in a trench dug on the sea floor at depths of less than 200 meters. In areas deeper than that, submarine cables are directly laid on the ocean floor.

2. Direct-buried fiber cables. Direct-buried cables are also called armored cables. They have aluminum foil wrapped around for mechanical protection from rodent bite and outside forces. They are laid in a deep trench dug with a cable plow and then covered with dirt.

3. For outdoor cables excluding direct-buried cables, cable ducts are needed. Cable ducts are plastic tubes which provides a path and protection for outdoor cables. They are buried in trenches and then covered with dirt. Cable ducts have a variety of sizes and flexibility, they can range from one inch up to a 6~10 inches. Some are flexible while the others are pretty rigid.

4. Cable ducts are buried first without any fiber cables inside. They can be routed directly between two endpoints or through a series of access points at manholes.

5. Outdoor cables are then pulled through the cable ducts with pulling rope. The pulling rope is attached to the strength member of the cable and then pulled from the destination point. You should never pull the fibers directly since that will break the fibers easily and result in a useless broken cable for you.

6. And then there are aerial cables. One type of aerial cable has a messenger line built-in which provides mechanical support and they can be hanged on poles without any lashing. This type of aerial cable is called figure 8 or self-supporting cable. Other types of aerial cables have to be lashed with a special lashing wire running around both the cable and the separate messenger wire.

7. Indoor cables can be installed within walls, through cable risers, or elsewhere in buildings. Note: only special under carpet fiber cable should be used for laying on the floor where people walk.

8. A special type of indoor cable is called plenum cable. They have special formulated out jacket material for fire rating. Only plenum cables can be used in air return spaces for the VAC system.

We’ve covered a lot about fiber cable installation in this short article. By warned – you should always browse some training material on fiber cable installation before try it yourself!

Colin Yao is an expert on fiber optic technologies and products. Learn what are MTRJ Fiber, MTRJ SC and MTRJ ST on Fiber Optics For Sale Co. web site.

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Printer manufacturers are often able to sell their printers at considerably low prices since the bulk of their profits come from supplying inkjet cartridges. It may come as no surprise then, that brand new inkjet cartridges cost an arm and a leg, considering how quickly you can get through one. It’s no wonder more and more people are refilling inkjet cartridges instead and saving a bundle on their printing.

Although manufacturers of printer refill kits are proving to be major contenders, printer manufacturers are still charging insane prices for brand inkjet cartridges. However, there are those who don’t care for refilling inkjet cartridges. If saving money isn’t a big deal for you and you don’t mind spending a lot more money on a brand new cartridge, then perhaps refilling inkjet cartridges isn’t for you.

Some people avoid inkjet printer refills like the plague since they believe that they’re difficult to use and that the quality of print suffers. Newer printer refill kits bought from reputable manufacturers provide guarantee, however. In addition the ink they produce is on par with ink from the original manufacturer.

Processing printer refill kits isn’t difficult by a long shot. Since you’ll have all the tools you need and a handbook to follow, it really shouldn’t take more than 5 to10 minutes to successfully refill a cartridge.

For 5 to 10 minutes work you can potentially save yourself up to 80%. Not exactly small change if you use your printer frequently. That means for every cartridge you buy, you could have bought 5 inkjet printer refills. Let’s not forget that most printer refill kits come with 2 bottles of ink. If you break it down, it works out to be 10 refills for every brand new cartridge! Considering that brand new cartridges cost $20 to $40, you could save yourself hundreds of dollars!

Other than saving you a whole bunch of money, refilling inkjet cartridges is also good for the environment. We all know how much waste this world could do without. Our landfills are polluting the earth and air, but by doing the littlest things such as refilling inkjet cartridges we can collectively make a difference.

Petroleum and metals used to produce inkjet cartridges are being manufactured, used the once and thrown into landfills. Just think how much plastic gets thrown away everyday. Millions of tons are thrown away each year. What’s more, the manufacturing process of ink cartridges saps the earth of already dwindling resources.

Refilling inkjet cartridges is the cheapest option, however if you want to avoid getting your hands messy (although printer refill kits will provide latex gloves) then you can always take it to a refill shop where a professional will happily do your refilling for you for a small fee.

This may also be a good idea if you have tons of cartridges to refill or you’re just not confident about doing it yourself. The chances of anything bad happening are minimal. If you follow the manual step by step and take your time on your first few attempts then you should have no problems.

Low quality printer refill kits may produce poor print quality, so make sure that you’re refilling inkjet cartridges using a reputable manufacture. You can tell which manufacturer is good based on their awards and reputation. In addition, you’ll find that top manufacturers will provide kits that are designed for specific brands and even models. Avoid buying universal kits that are designed to be used on any printer and model, these kits are normally less quality and can cause printing problems.

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Man is always in constant search for knowledge which he

makes use to create innovations that will make his life

better. Among the varied inventions of man is a

computer printer. The first computer printer can be

traced back in the year 1953 which was developed by

Remington-Rand as a match for Univac computer. Laser

printers were evolved from the dry printing process or

Xerox invented by Chester Carlson in 1938. 1971

witnessed the birth of the first laser printer which

was then named as EARS. The next years are period of

experiments and added inventions which paved the way to

the first IBM printer. The IBM 3800 Printing System was

considered as the first high-speed laser printer with a

speed of more than 100 impressions-per-minute.

Nowadays, a computer printer is of vital importance in

the different areas of human activities. It goes hand

in hand with a computer as a component that generates

the hard copy or a readable text from the stored data

on the computer’s system. Several printer technologies

are available today but it can be categorized into two

types – namely the impact and the non-impact

technologies. A computer printer that uses the impact

technology is equipped with a system that requires

contact with the paper or whatever material that can be

used to produce the readable text.

Dot Matrix and Character Printers are the two major

classifications of Impact printer technology. A

character printer is a computerized typewriter made up

of a group of bars which serve as the platform for

letters and numbers. Like a typewriter, the right

characters are hit or struck to touch the ink ribbons

which in turn pass on the characters to the paper. It

can be used with speed but has limited uses. Computer

printers with Dot matrix technology have a group of

small pins needed to strike the ink coated ribbon to

pass on the image to the paper.

A printer using the Non-Impact technology does not need

contact with the paper to produce the desired image.

An example of this is the commonly used Inkjet painters

and Laser printers. An inkjet printer directly sprays

drop of inks into the paper while a laser printer is

equipped with a toner, heat and static electricity to

produce the image. Inkjet printers are used in almost

all offices, business, café and many other

establishments. The printed image coming from an

inkjet printer has tiny dots that usually have a

diameter of 50-60 microns.

Print head assembly, paper feed assembly, power supply,

control circuitry and interface ports are the parts

making up a typical inkjet printer. The quality of the

produced image in an inkjet printer is also dependent

on the type of paper used. Brightness and absorption

are the main factors that determine the quality of the

printed image. The brightness is determined by the

smoothness of the paper’s surface. Smooth surface

reflect more light which makes the image brighter.

Absorption refers to the ability of the paper to take

in the ink. Papers with good absorption capacity have

images that will stay tight while poor absorption

capacity can result in blotting.

Monochromatic and multi-colored images can be produced

depending on the type of printer. Monochrome printer is

only capable of generating images with only one color,

commonly black, while a color printer can produce

colored images. A printer can transform a group of

characters, a vector image and a bitmapped image into a

printed version. Other printers however cannot process

all of these types. By examining your needs, you can

choose the optimum printer for you.

David Arnold Livingston is a successful entrepreneur and shares his knowledge of computer printer resources at: [http://www.ravenprinter.com]

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